REAL-TIME / 2.4 GHZ SPECTRUM
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RF SPECIFICATION & ARCHITECTURE
HOW THE BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL WORKS
Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio frequency band (2402–2480 MHz). To overcome radio interference from Wi-Fi routers, microwaves, and physical barriers, Bluetooth splits the spectrum into discrete channels and continuously hops between them at rapid frequencies.
AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping)
A core Bluetooth mechanism that hops across 79 discrete 1-MHz channels at up to 1,600 hops/second. AFH dynamically identifies and excludes congested radio channels (such as active Wi-Fi streams) to prevent packet collisions and packet loss.
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
A logarithmic measurement of received RF power in decibel-milliwatts (dBm). Values range from approx -30 dBm (strong proximity) down to -100 dBm (edge of coverage). RSSI is used to estimate relative distance and signal attenuation.
Piconet & Scatternet
An ad-hoc WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) topology containing one Master device controlling clock timing and up to seven active Peripheral/Slave devices. Multiple overlapping Piconets form a interconnected Scatternet.
GATT (Generic Attribute Profile)
A structured protocol defining how Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) endpoints exchange data using a hierarchical tree of Services, Characteristics, and Descriptors over an ATT (Attribute Protocol) transport layer.
GAP (Generic Access Profile)
Controls connection states, device discovery, and advertising modes. GAP determines whether a device acts as a Broadcaster/Peripheral advertising packet payloads or a Observer/Central establishing active connections.
BLE vs. Classic (BR/EDR)
Bluetooth Classic (BR/EDR) provides high throughput for streaming audio over 79 1-MHz channels. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) uses 40 2-MHz channels (37 data + 3 primary advertising channels) optimized for low-latency, ultra-low power telemetry bursts.
2.4 GHz ISM Band
The globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio frequency spectrum ranging from 2.4000 GHz to 2.4835 GHz. Shared by Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Zigbee, and microwave energy emissions.